The just published Cochrane review article
Mieog J, van der Hage J, van de Velde C.
Preoperative chemotherapy for women with operable breast cancer.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005002.
PMID: 17443564 [PubMed - in process].
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005002.pub2.
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1 7443564>
<http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002102.html>
<http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005002/frame.html>
(free full text)
suggests that in breast cancer it may be advantageous to give
chemotherapy _before_ surgery. Below its sbstract:
"BACKGROUND: Currently, preoperative chemotherapy is the
standard of care in locally advanced breast cancer to achieve
local tumour downsizing in order to make surgery possible.
Since the early 1980s, the role of preoperative chemotherapy
in early stage (or operable) breast cancer has been the
subject of study. Potential advantages are early introduction
of systemic therapy, determination of chemosensitivity,
reduction of tumour volume and downstaging of surgical
requirement. Concerns exist about local control after
downsized surgery and the delay of local treatment in
patients with tumours resistant to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES:
To assess the effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in
women with operable breast cancer when compared to
postoperative chemotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Specialised
Register maintained by the Editorial Base of the Cochrane
Breast Cancer Group was searched on 4th of August 2005.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials comparing preoperative
chemotherapy with postoperative in women with operable breast
cancer. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were assessed
for eligibility and quality, and data were extracted by two
independent review authors. Hazard ratios were derived for
time-to-event outcomes directly or indirectly using the
methods described by Parmar. Relative risks were derived for
dichotomous outcomes. Meta-analyses were performed using
fixed effect model. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 14 eligible
studies which randomised a total of 5,500 women. Median
follow-up ranged from 18 to 124 months. Eight studies
described a satisfactory method of randomisation.Data, based
on 1139 estimated deaths in 4620 women available for
analysis, show equivalent overall survival rates with a HR of
0.98 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.09; p, 0.67; no heterogeneity).
Preoperative chemotherapy increases breast conservation
rates, yet at the associated cost of increased loco regional
recurrence rates. However, this rate was not increased as
long as surgery remains part of the treatment even after
complete tumour regression (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.37;
p, 0.25; no heterogeneity. Preoperative chemotherapy was
associated with fewer adverse effects. Pathological complete
response is associated with better survival than residual
disease (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.69; p, < 10-4). AUTHORS'
CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests safe application of
preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of women with
early stage breast cancer in order to down-stage surgical
requirement, to evaluate chemosensitivity and to facilitate
translational research."
Comments about this review in the article
Chemotherapy more effective when given before breast cancer surgery
<http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-05/cfta-cme051007.php>:
"Giving chemotherapy to women with operable breast cancer
before they have surgery —not after — helps physicians pin
down the best treatment regimen and can reduce the extent of
surgery, according to a new systematic review.
Preoperative chemotherapy reduced chemo-related infections by
4 percent and the need for mastectomies by 17 percent when
compared to postoperative chemotherapy, found reviewers led
by Sven Mieog, M.D., of Leiden University Medical Center in
the Netherlands.
Mieog and colleagues looked at 14 studies that included 5,500
women with operable breast cancer. Half of the women received
preoperative chemotherapy and the rest received chemotherapy
after surgery.
The data revealed a higher cancer recurrence rate in women
who had chemotherapy before surgery, although this did not
affect survival rates, which were similar for both groups.
"Ten studies reported overall survival data on 4,620 women
involving 1,139 estimated deaths," the authors write. "There
was no detectable difference between preoperative and
postoperative chemotherapy."
The review appears in the current issue of The Cochrane
Library, a publication of The Cochrane Collaboration, an
international organization that evaluates research in all
aspects of health care. Systematic reviews draw evidence-
based conclusions about medical practice after considering
both the content and quality of existing trials on a topic.
One reason for giving chemotherapy first is to shrink tumors
before surgery, the researchers say.
Moreover, preoperative chemotherapy allows doctors to see if
a tumor is resistant to a particular drug and thus adjust the
dose or switch to another drug after surgery. The patient
might avoid toxic side effects while getting another chance
to receive appropriate systemic treatment, Mieog said.
After surgery, doctors can no longer gauge chemotherapy's
effect on tumor size.
"Concerns could be raised on the postoperative and thus
'blind' administration of chemotherapy to patients with
tumors resistant to a specific chemotherapy regimen," Mieog
said. "These patients will receive all chemotherapy courses
while only experiencing the harmful side effects."
Side effects such as hair loss, cardiac symptoms, nausea and
vomiting, and white blood cell disorders were similar for
both groups, the Cochrane reviewers found.
"Initially, preoperative chemotherapy was set up to improve
overall survival by not waiting for the surgical procedure
and the subsequent recovery — a couple of months means one or
two [cancer] cell divisions," Mieog said.
He added, "The chemotherapy also increased the breast
conservation rate; it is well known that conserving the
breast as compared to mastectomy is associated with an
increased recurrence rate, without, however, hampering long-
term overall survival."
"It is important to evaluate issues of timing and
specifically consider the advantages of preoperative
chemotherapy," said Terry Mamounas, M.D., medical director of
the Mount Sinai Center for Breast Health in Cleveland.
Earlier studies suggest "a correlation between tumor response
with preoperative chemotherapy and relapse-free survival,"
Mamounas said. He added that the response to preoperative
chemotherapy can give clues about the outcome of the therapy
and help guide further treatment.
The Cochrane review showed that tumors shrank more in some of
the women who received preoperative chemotherapy than in
others. "Different factors could have influenced the reported
rates," the researchers write, "including definition of
response, blinding of assessor, method and type of
assessment, study population and type of chemotherapy used."
"The most appropriate method of clinical tumor response
assessment remains a matter of debate," they add.
The researchers say that preoperative chemotherapy is
currently the standard of care in locally advanced breast
cancer. The choice of whether women should receive
preoperative chemotherapy depends on a variety of factors,
according to Mieog, although cost is not an issue: "The costs
of chemotherapy are not significantly different before or
after surgery."
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, regardless
of race or ethnic background. The National Cancer Institute
estimates that 192,000 American women are diagnosed with
breast cancer each year.
###
Mieog JSD, van der Hage JA, van de Velde CJH. Preoperative
chemotherapy for women with operable breast cancer (Review).
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2.
The Cochrane Collaboration is an international nonprofit,
independent organization that produces and disseminates
systematic reviews of health care interventions and promotes
the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and
other studies of interventions. Visit
http://www.cochrane.org
for more information."
--
Matti Narkia