Socialism,
a theory which appeared in the early nineteenth century and was the last
link in a chain of thought stretching back to the slave rebellions of
antiquity, was still deeply infected by the Utopianism of past ages. But in
each variant of Socialism that appeared from about 1900 onwards the aim of
establishing liberty and equality was more and more openly abandoned. The
new movements which appeared in the middle years of the century, Ingsoc in
Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia, Death-Worship, as it is commonly
called, in Eastasia, had the conscious aim of perpetuating UNfreedom and
INequality. These new movements, of course, grew out of the old ones and
tended to keep their names and pay lip-service to their ideology. But the
purpose of all of them was to arrest progress and freeze history at a
chosen moment. The familiar pendulum swing was to happen once more, and
then stop. As usual, the High were to be turned out by the Middle, who
would then become the High; but this time, by conscious strategy, the High
would be able to maintain their position permanently.
The new doctrines arose partly because of the accumulation of
historical knowledge, and the growth of the historical sense, which had
hardly existed before the nineteenth century. T