60 Minutes Report on Hoodia

(CBS) Each year, people spend more than $40 billion on products
designed to help them slim down. None of them seem to be working very
well.

Now along comes hoodia. Never heard of it? Soon it'll be tripping off
your tongue, because hoodia is a natural substance that literally
takes your appetite away.

It's very different from diet stimulants like Ephedra and Phenfen that
are now banned because of dangerous side effects. Hoodia doesn't
stimulate at all. Scientists say it fools the brain by making you
think you're full, even if you've eaten just a morsel. Correspondent
Lesley Stahl reports.

"Hoodia, a plant that tricks the brain by making the stomach feel
full, has been in the diet of South Africa's Bushmen for thousands of
years."

Because the only place in the world where hoodia grows wild is in the
Kalahari Desert of South Africa.

Nigel Crawhall, a linguist and interpreter, hired an experienced
tracker named Toppies Kruiper, a local aboriginal Bushman, to help
find it. The Bushmen were featured in the movie "The Gods Must Be
Crazy."

Kruiper led 60 Minutes crews out into the desert. Stahl asked him if
he ate hoodia. "I really like to eat them when the new rains have
come," says Kruiper, speaking through the interpreter. "Then they're
really quite delicious."

When we located the plant, Kruiper cut off a stalk that looked like a
small spiky pickle, and removed the sharp spines. In the interest of
science, Stahl ate it. She described the taste as "a little cucumbery
in texture, but not bad."

So how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects - no funny
taste in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing heart. She also
wasn't hungry all day, even when she would normally have a pang around
mealtime. And, she also had no desire to eat or drink the entire day.
"I'd have to say it did work," says Stahl.

Although the West is just discovering hoodia, the Bushmen of the
Kalahari have been eating it for a very long time. After all, they
have been living off the land in southern Africa for more than 100,000
years.

Some of the Bushmen, like Anna Swartz, still live in old traditional
huts, and cook so-called Bush food gathered from the desert the old-
fashioned way.

The first scientific investigation of the plant was conducted at South
Africa's national laboratory. Because Bushmen were known to eat
hoodia, it was included in a study of indigenous foods.

"What they found was when they fed it to animals, the animals ate it
and lost weight," says Dr. Richard Dixey, who heads an English
pharmaceutical company called Phytopharm that is trying to develop
weight-loss products based on hoodia.

Was hoodia's potential application as an appetite suppressant
immediately obvious?

"No, it took them a long time. In fact, the original research was done
in the mid 1960s," says Dixey.

It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to isolate and
identify the specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in hoodia. When
they found it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to
Phytopharm.

Phytopharm has spent more than $20 million so far on research,
including clinical trials with obese volunteers that have yielded
promising results. Subjects given hoodia ended up eating about 1,000
calories a day less than those in the control group. To put that in
perspective, the average American man consumes about 2,600 calories a
day; a woman about 1,900.

"If you take this compound every day, your wish to eat goes down. And
we've seen that very, very dramatically," says Dixey.

But why do you need a patent for a plant? "The patent is on the
application of the plant as a weight-loss material. And, of course,
the active compounds within the plant. It's not on the plant itself,"
says Dixey.

So no one else can use hoodia for weight loss? "As a weight-management
product without infringing the patent, that's correct," says Dixey.

But what does that say about all these weight-loss products that claim
to have hoodia in it? Trimspa says its X32 pills contain 75 mg of
hoodia. The company is pushing its product with an ad campaign
featuring Anna Nicole Smith, even though the FDA has notified Trimspa
that it hasn't demonstrated that the product is safe.

Some companies have even used the results of Phytopharm's clinical
tests to market their products.

"This is just straightforward theft. That's what it is. People are
stealing data, which they haven't done, they've got no proper
understanding of, and sticking on the bottle," says Dixey. "When we
have assayed these materials, they contain between 0.1 and 0.01
percent of the active ingredient claimed. But they use the term hoodia
on the bottle, of course, so they -- does nothing at all."

But Dixey isn't the only one who's felt ripped off. The Bushmen first
heard the news about the patent when Phytopharm put out a press
release. Roger Chennells, a lawyer in South Africa who represents the
Bushmen, who are also called "the San," was appalled.

"The San did not even know about it," says Chennells. "They had given
the information that led directly toward the patent."

The taking of traditional knowledge without compensation is called
"bio-piracy."

"You have said, and I'm going to quote you, 'that the San felt as if
someone had stolen the family silver,'" says Stahl to Chennells. "So
what did you do?"

"I wouldn't want to go into some of the details as to what kind of
letters were written or what kind of threats were made," says
Chennells. "We engaged them. They had done something wrong, and we
wanted them to acknowledge it."

Chennells was determined to help the Bushmen who, he says, have been
exploited for centuries. First they were pushed aside by black tribes.
Then, when white colonists arrived, they were nearly annihilated.

"About the turn of the century, there were still hunting parties in
Namibia and in South Africa that allowed farmers to go and kill
Bushmen," says Chennells. "It's well documented."

The Bushmen are still stigmatized in South Africa, and plagued with
high unemployment, little education, and lots of alcoholism. And now,
it seemed they were about to be cut out of a potential windfall from
hoodia. So Chennells threatened to sue the national lab on their
behalf.

"We knew that if it was successful, many, many millions of dollars
would be coming towards the San," says Chennells. "Many, many
millions. They've talked about the market being hundreds and hundreds
of millions in America."

In the end, a settlement was reached. The Bushmen will get a
percentage of the profits -- if there are profits. But that's a big
if.

The future of hoodia is not yet a sure thing. The project hit a major
snag last year. Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, which had teamed up with
Phytopharm, and funded much of the research, dropped out when making a
pill out of the active ingredient seemed beyond reach.

Dixey says it can be made synthetically: "We've made milligrams of it.
But it's very expensive. It's not possible to make it synthetically in
what's called a scaleable process. So we couldn't make a metric ton of
it or something that is the sort of quantity you'd need to actually
start doing something about obesity in thousands of people."

Phytopharm decided to market hoodia in its natural form, in diet
shakes and bars. That meant it needed the hoodia plant itself.

But given the obesity epidemic in the United States, it became obvious
that what was needed was a lot of hoodia - much more than was growing
in the wild in the Kalahari. And so they came here.

60 Minutes visited one of Phytopharm's hoodia plantations in South
Africa. They'll need a lot of these plantations to meet the expected
demand.

Agronomist Simon MacWilliam has a tall order: grow a billion portions
a year of hoodia, within just a couple of years. He admitted that
starting up the plantation has been quite a challenge.

"The problem is we're dealing with a novel crop. It's a plant we've
taken out of the wild and we're starting to grow it,' says MacWilliam.
"So we have no experience. So it's different? diseases and pests which
we have to deal with."

How confident are they that they will be able to grow enough? "We're
very confident of that," he says. "We've got an expansion program
which is going to be 100s of acres. And we'll be able - ready to meet
the demand.

This could be huge, given the obesity epidemic. Phytopharm says it's
about to announce marketing plans that will have meal-replacement
hoodia products on supermarket shelves by 2008.

MacWilliam says these products are a slightly different species from
the hoodia Stahl tasted in the Kalahari Desert. "It's actually a lot
more bitter than the plant that you tasted," says MacWilliam.

The advantage is this species of hoodia will grow a lot faster. But
more bitter? How bad could it be? Stahl decided to find out. "Not
good," she says.

Phytopharm says that when its product gets to market, it will be
certified safe and effective. They also promise that it'll taste
good.

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